Perelman 2003

Perelman 2003

Every simply connected, closed 3-manifold is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere. Settled by Perelman (2002–03) via Ricci flow with surgery, entropy monotonicity, and no collapsing.

Poincaré —opens→ Perelman 2003

Entropy functional —implies→ Perelman 2003

Surgery —implies→ Perelman 2003

Ricci flow —implies→ Perelman 2003